Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair in Patients with Marfan Syndrome☆

Article Outline

• Abstract
• Introduction
• Patients and Methods
• Surgical Protocol
• Results
  • Major-complications
  • Minor complications
  • Recovery
• Discussion
• Conclusion
• References
• Copyright

Objective

We assessed the surgical outcome of descending thoracic aortic aneurysm repair (DTAA) and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurym (TAAA) repair in patients with Marfan syndrome.

Methods

During a six year period, 206 patients underwent DTAA and TAAA repair. In 22 patients, Marfan syndrome was confirmed. The median age was 40 years with a range between 18 and 57 years. The extend of the aneurysms included 6 DTAA (1 with total arch, 2 with distal hemi-arch), 11 type II TAAA (2 with total arch, 3 with distal hemi-arch), 4 type III and one type IV TAAA. All patients suffered from previous type A (n=6) or type B (n=16) aortic dissection and 15 already underwent aortic procedures like Bentall (n=7) and ascending aortic replacement (n=8). All patients were operated on according to the standard protocol with cerebrospinal fluid drainage, distal aortic and selective organ perfusion and monitoring motor evoked potentials. In patients undergoing simultaneous arch replacement (via left thoracotomy), transcranial Doppler and EEG assessed cerebral physiology during antegrade brain perfusion. In four patients circulatory arrest under moderate hypothermia was required.

Results

In-hospital mortality did not occur. Major postoperative complications like paraplegia, renal failure, stroke and myocardial infarction were not encountered. Mean pre-operative creatinine level was 125mmol/L, which peaked to a mean maximal level of 130 and returned to 92mmol/L at discharge. Median intubation time was 1.5 days (range 0.33–30 days). Other complications included bleeding requiring surgical intervention (n=1), arrhythmia (n=2), pneumonia (n=2) and respiratory distress syndrome (n=1). At a median follow-up of 38 months all patients were alive. Using CT surveillance, new or false aneurysms were not detected, except in one patient who developed a visceral patch aneurysm six years after open type II repair.

Conclusion

Surgical repair of descending and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms provides excellent short- and mid-term results in patients with Marfan syndrome. In this series, a surgical protocol with cerebrospinal fluid drainage, distal aortic and selective organ perfusion and monitoring motor evoked potentials resulted in low morbidity and absent mortality. These outcomes of open surgery should be considered when discussing endovascular aneurysm repair in Marfan patients.

Keywords: Marfan Syndrome, Thoracoabdominal aortic aneruysm repair, Descendíng aortic aneurysm repair, Motor evoked potentials, Selective organ perfusion

Back to Article Outline

Introduction 

Marfan syndrome is a systemic disorder of connective tissue caused by mutations in the extracellular matrix protein fibrillin 1¹ and was first described in 1887 by Antoine Bernard Marfan, a Parisian professor of paediatrics. The incidence of classic Marfan syndrome is about 2–3 per 10000 individuals; Gray reported the incidence in Scotland as one in 9802 livebirths.² Manifestations of Marfan syndrome can be found in the ocular, skeletal and cardiovascular system whereas the cardiovascular pathology is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity.³ The majority of fatal events associated with untreated Marfan syndrome occur in early adult life; the average age at death is estimated to be 32 years.⁴ Early diagnosis and advances in medical and surgical management since the seventies however, have greatly improved live expectancy, especially in case of aortic dissection and aneurysms.⁵, ⁶, ⁷

The cardiovascular complications of Marfan syndrome lead to a reduced life expectancy in affected individuals if left untreated.⁴ Therefore medical management has a significant role, including long-term treatment with beta-adrenergic blockers which has been shown to reduce the rate of aortic dilatation and the frequency of aortic complications in a prospective study.⁸

Typically, the initial cardiovascular procedures in Marfan patients concern the aortic root or ascending aorta due to dilatation or type A dissection. Remaining dissection in the aortic arch and/or descending and thoracoabdominal aorta may eventually lead to aneurysm formation, prompting the need for routine imaging of the entire aorta.⁹

Elective prophylactic replacement of the involved aortic segment is recommended in case of rapid diameter increase (>0.5 to 1.0cm/year), if symptoms occur, when the aortic diameter reaches 5.0 to 6.0cm, or when the aortic diameter exceeds twice the diameter of the normal aorta.⁹ At present, elective surgical replacement of the descending and thoracoabdominal aorta in patients with Marfan syndrome is a safe procedure in experienced centers, however, significant risks of death, paraplegia and renal failure remain a matter of concern.¹⁰

Since the introduction of endovascular repair of thoracic aneurysms, this modality has gained increased interest, mainly because of its significant lesser surgical trauma. Distinct fear concerns the interaction of the stentgraft with the fragile aortic wall in Marfan patients. Furthermore, Marfan patients are (relatively) young and the question arises whether this technology in thoracoabdominal aortic repair is advisable in these patients. We therefore analyzed the clinical outcome of open thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic repair in patients suffering from Marfan syndrome and assessed short- and mid term survival.

Back to Article Outline

Patients and Methods 

During a six year period, 206 consecutive patients underwent descending thoracic aortic aneurysm repair (DTAA) and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) repair. In 22 patients, Marfan syndrome was confirmed genetically and/or by means of histological examination. All data were available and collected retrospectively. All patients who were alive were seen in the outpatient clinic in on annual base.

The median age of these 22 patients was 40 years with a range between 18 and 57 years. Six patients suffered from DTAA: in one patient the total aortic arch and in two patients the distal hemi-arch was involved. The latter indicated that the left carotid artery and left subclavian artery were engaged in the aneurysm, requiring cross clamping between the brachiocephalic artery and left carotid artery. For the thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms the Crawford classification was used to describe the extent of the aneurysm; eleven had type II TAAA (two with associated total arch aneurysm and three with distal hemi-arch aneurysm). Four patients had type III and one type IV TAAA (Table 1). The mean maximal diameter of the aneurysms was 5.8cm (range 4.8–10cm). All patients suffered from previous type A (n=6) or type B (n=16) aortic dissection and 15 already underwent aortic procedures including Bentall (n=7) or supra coronary ascending aortic replacement (n=8). Three patients were operated with an acute type B-dissection. Two patients underwent an emergency procedure because of aortic rupture.

Table 1. Extension of aneurysms in patients with confirmed Marfan Syndrome

DTAA=Descending thoracic aortic aneurysm.

TAAA=Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm.

The physical condition of the young Marfan patients was much better as compared to the non-Marfan group (Table 2). Apart from the age difference (median age 40 versus 66 years) all co-morbid factors were less present in the Marfan patients. Two Marfan patients had preoperative renal failure, one of whom was already on dialysis. Preoperative risk assessment included echocardiography and myocardial perfusion tests. Patients planned for arch replacement in addition to DTAA or TAAA repair requiring cardiac arrest also underwent coronary arteriography.

Table 2. Preoperative data of the Marfan group compared with the non-Marfan patients

	Patients with Marfan Syndrome	Non-Marfan Patients
n	22	184
Median Age years	40	66
Median BMI	24	26
Obesity	4.5%	19.6%
Fev 1<2l	4.5%	31.8%
COPD	4.5%	30.6%
Diabetes mellitus	0%	12.5%
Hyperlipoproteinemia	13.6%	43.5%
Myocardial infarction	4.5%	23.4%
Aortic valve insufficiency	18.2%	1.6%
Peripheral arterial disease	0%	19.1%
Renal insufficiency (Creatinine>1.2mg/dl)	9%	26.6%
Arterial hypertension	81.8%	91.8%
Prior aortic dissection	100%	25.6%
Re-do procedure	68.1%	32.6%

BMI=Body mass index.

FEV1=Forced expiratory volume.

COPD=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

The endpoints of the present study were postoperative survival, short- and mid-term survival, freedom of paraplegia/paraparesis or stroke, freedom of renal failure and freedom of new or false arterial dilatation.

Back to Article Outline

Surgical Protocol 

In all patients the same protocol was used. Intubation is performed with a double-lumen endotracheal tube or a selective left main bronchus blocker, enabling collapse of the left lung. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure is assessed with an intrathecal catheter and maintained during the procedure and in the intensive care unit until the third postoperative day. Cerebrospinal fluid is allowed to drain spontaneously if pressure increases above 10mmHg. Transcranial electrical stimulation is performed to monitor motor evoked potentials. This technique, which has been described in detail,¹¹, ¹², ¹³ allows on-line assessment of spinal cord function and guides the protective and surgical strategies to prevent paraplegia. These strategies include selective reattachment of intercostal and lumbar arteries as well as blood pressure management to maintain spinal cord integrity.

Patients are placed in a left helical position on a vacuum beanbag. A thoracolaparotomy through the sixth intercostal space (eighth intercostal space in the patient with type IV aneurysm) is followed by limited incision of the anterior diaphragm and opening of the crus. In patients who required simultaneous aortic arch replacement the fifth intercostal space was opened. A loop around the diaphragm enables movement of the diaphragm and exposes the aorta without the necessity of completely transecting the muscle. After limited heparinisation (0.5mg/kg; ACT approximately 200 seconds), distal aortic perfusion is established with cannulation of the left pulmonary vein and the femoral artery using a centrifugal pump. An arterial line is inserted in the contralateral femoral artery. In the patient with type IV aneurysm, a partial extracorporeal bypass graft is installed by means of a femoral vein-femoral artery cannulation.

In general, the aortic reconstruction is performed from proximal to distal. However, in extensive (chronic) type B aortic dissection involving the iliac arteries we prefer to reverse the surgical direction because of the unpredictable changes in organ perfusion with retrograde flow through dissected iliac arteries and aorta. This is feasible if the infrarenal aorta can be cross clamped temporarily. The aorto bi-iliac prosthesis is anastomosed distally first and subsequently the main body is crossclamped and cannulated as arterial inflow site. After starting extracorporeal circulation, the aortic reconstruction is commenced with the abdominal phase, followed by the thoracic segment. The patient is allowed to cool to 32–33 degrees centigrade and actively rewarmed at the end of the procedure. A 4-branched tubing system is connected to the left-sided heart bypass, and four catheters with balloon-inflatable tips are used for perfusion of the celiac axis, superior mesenteric artery, and both renal arteries. These perfusion catheters are equipped with pressure channels, enabling pressure-controlled selective perfusion. Furthermore, in each catheter volume flow is assessed with ultrasound flow meters. In DTAA and type II TAAA the proximal cross-clamp position depends on the extent of the aneurysm. In any case, the aorta is completely freed from the esophagus after transection of the ductus arteriosus. If the shape of the thoracic descending aorta allows sequential cross-clamping, these positions are prepared. In the abdomen the aorta is approached via the left retrocolic and retrorenal access. After the left kidney is tilted, the left renal artery is dissected and secured with a vessel loop. After proximal cross-clamping, transection of the aorta, and performance of the anastomosis, distal aortic perfusion is maintained at a mean pressure of 60mmHg or higher. Based on urine output (<15ml per 15 minutes) and the amplitude of motor evoked potentials, this arterial pressure is increased, if necessary.

Since native aortic tissue is at risk for recurrent aneurysm formation in Marfan patients¹⁴ we try to resect the aortic wall as much as possible, often requiring individual grafts to the visceral and renal arteries (Fig. 1). To avoid kinking, some grafts (especially the left renal artery bypass) are cut in sufficient length to allow a loop-shaped position and anastomosis in the aortic tube graft.

• 
  • View Large Image
  • Download to PowerPoint

• Fig. 1 

  Intra-operative image of TAAA repair depicting selective grafts to the visceral arteries and both renal arteries. The bypass to the left renal artery is longer, allowing a looped shape after repositioning the spleen, kidney and intestines. (SMA=Superior mesenteric artery).

In the patients who suffered from associated arch pathology, simultaneous arch replacement was performed via the same surgical approach (left thoracotomy). The three patients requiring total arch replacement already underwent previous ascending graft implantation. Using total extra corporeal circulation, including insertion of a left vent, the patient is cooled to 28 degrees centigrade. Subsequently, the descending aorta is cross clamped and the arch opened. A Foley catheter is inserted in the ascending aorta, the balloon inflated graft and cardioplegia administered. Meanwhile, antegrade cerebral perfusion is installed by means of the same selective perfusion catheters in the brachiocephalic and left carotid arteries. Total antegrade cerebral flow is approximately 10ml/kg/min with a mean pressure of 60mmHg. Using transcranial Doppler and electroencephalography, cerebral perfusion is continuously monitored in both hemispheres.

Back to Article Outline

Results 

The median operation time for the Marfan patients was 413 minutes (160–720 minutes; sd: 122.43). Patient average cross clamp duration was 137 minutes (40–527 minutes; sd: 100.37), the average duration of left-heart bypass was 188 minutes (60–486 minutes; sd: 89.76). The latter comprised installment of the selective catheters in the supra-aortic arteries, separate grafting of these vessels, reattachment of intercostal arteries separate grafting to visceral and renal arteries, distal anastomosis and reattachment of lumbar arteries, if necessary. These different time intervals were not significantly different when compared to the non-Marfan patients (Table 3). In nearly 70% of patients bypasses to visceral and renal arteries were necessary, explaining the longer perfusion time since all arteries are perfused during repair. In 18% of our patients reattachment of intercostal arteries was neseccary based on critically decreased amplitudes of motor evoked potentials. Peri-operative complications were not encountered. During surgery and cross-clamping, urine output was uninterrupted in all patients, irrespective of cross-clamp time. At the end of the procedure, motor evoked potentials were adequate in all patients.

Table 3. Comparison of procedure related times between the Marfan group and the non-Marfan patients

Major-complications 

There were no intra-operative deaths and in-hospital mortality did not occur. Visceral organ ischemia was not encountered. There was no early, temporary or delayed paraplegia/paraparesis or stroke. Renal insufficiency did not occur. Mean pre-operative creatinine level was 125mmo/l, which peaked to a mean maximal level of 130mmol/l and returned to 92mmo/l at discharge. Two patients already suffered from renal failure before surgery due to aortic dissection and subsequent renal artery compression but did not deteriorate after the procedure. In fact, one of the latter patients was on haemodialysis before surgery. Selective bypass of both renal arteries improved renal function and dialysis was not necessary anymore after the procedure. In the non-Marfan group (184 patients) major complications occurred significantly more. Mortality at 30 days was 12.4%, at 6 month 18.9% and at one year 20.3%. Renal failure requiring temporary dialysis occurred in three patients (1.6%) and permanent dialysis in another three patients (1.6%). Early and delayed paraplegia was encountered in 2 (1.1%) and 4 (2.2%) patients respectively.

Minor complications 

Two patients (9%) developed pneumonia and one patient showed evidence of respiratory distress syndrome. All three patients required prolonged ventilatory support. Median intubation time was 1.5 days (0.33–30 days; sd: 8.46).

Two patients had a persistent postoperative cardiac arrhythmia but myocardial infarction was not encountered. In one patient surgical intervention was necessary for postoperative bleeding.

Recovery 

The median duration of intensive care stay was 5 days (1–45 days; sd: 12.21 days). The median intubation time was 1.5 days in the Marfan group and 2 days in the non-Marfan patients (Table 4). The median duration of hospital stay was 24 days in the Marfan group and 29.5 days in the non Marfan patients. At a median follow-up of 38 months (2–72 months), all patients were alive, free of reintervention and free of haemodialysis. Surveillance CT-scanning revealed no new or false aneurysms, except in one patient in whom a visceral patch aneurysm was detected six years after type II repair. All Marfan patients returned to work and normal social life.

Table 4. Duration of intensive care, intubation and hospital stay comparing the Marfan patients and the non-Marfan patients

Back to Article Outline

Discussion 

This clinical study demonstrates that open surgical repair of thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms in Marfan patients is associated with minimal morbidity, absence of mortality and excellent late outcome. In general, the results of open repair in degenerative thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms have improved significantly during the last two decades due to developed protective modalities like distal aortic perfusion, selective organ perfusion, cerebrospinal fluid drainage and neuromonitoring.¹³, ¹⁵, ¹⁶ The largest individual experience comprises 2286 patients with TAAA with a mean age of 66.1 years.¹⁵ The majority of these patients had degenerative aneurysms but 3.4% suffered from acute aortic dissection, 23.9% from chronic dissection and 6.1% had a ruptured TAAA. Using the multimodality approach, the overall 30-day survival was 95% and neurologic deficit and renal failure occurred in 3.8% and 5.6%, respectively. It should be emphasized that this center is a highly experienced and large volume hospital for TAAA repair. The same colleagues reported on 137 patients with confirmed Marfan syndrome and 163 with suspected Marfan syndrome in which 398 procedures were performed. Mean age of these patients was 39 years. The 30-day mortality rate was 4.3% and freedom of repair failure was significantly better in patients with confirmed Marfan syndrome (90.3% at 10 years) than in those with suspected Marfan syndrome (82.0% at 10 years; p=0.001).¹⁷ Out of these 300 patients, 31 patients suffered from DTAA and 178 patients from TAAA. Following open repair, operative mortality rate was less than 6% and major complications included renal failure (6%) and neurologic deficit (4%). The authors concluded that operative treatment of aortic pathology in Marfan patients provides excellent results and long-term survival. Recently, Kalkat et al. reported on the surgical outcome of Marfan patients with dissection and TAAA. Their number of patients was comparable to our group and the results showed similar outcome: no early mortality, renal failure and paraplegia.¹⁸ Obviously, Marfan patients constitute a group of younger age, which definitely adds to the superior post operative outcome. Albornoz et al.¹⁹ examined the genetic nature and phenotypic features of patients with thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA) and aortic dissection and demonstrated an inherited pattern for thoracic aneurysms in 22% of non-Marfan patients. The familial TAA group was significantly younger than the sporadic group, but not as young as the Marfan patients (mean ages 58 versus 66 versus 27 years). These age categories are rather similar to our patients where the median age in the Marfan group was 40 years and in the non-Marfan group 64 years. In our population, apart from age differences, the non-Marfan patients with aortic disease suffered from significantly more extensive co-morbidities including hyperlipoproteinemia, obesity, impaired pulmonary capacity, diabetes, myocardial infarction, peripheral arterial disease, renal failure and hypertension.

A relevant question addresses the role of endovascular treatment in Marfan patients with DTAA and TAAA. Endovascular repair of degenerative abdominal aortic aneurysms has become an established minimal invasive modality. Also, treatment of atherosclerotic descending thoracic aneurysms, complicated dissections, traumatic ruptures and false aneurysms has progressively shifted from open to endovascular correction. In addition, thoracoabdominal aneurysms increasingly are managed by means of total endovascular techniques or hybrid solutions in which the latter is characterised by debranching of major aortic arteries, followed by endovascular aortic exclusion. It is obvious that these experimental interventions comprise enormous advantages with respect to surgical trauma, however, longevity and durability of these procedures still have to be proven. But what about this treatment in Marfan patients? At present there is little experience with stent-grafts in the thoracic aorta of patients with Marfan syndrome. A small series comprising six patients demonstrated at a mean follow-up of over 51 months complete abolition of the dissection and reconstruction of the entire dissected aorta in only two patients, whereas elective conversion to surgical repair was necessary in another two patients and was considered in a third patient. One patient died 12 months after endovascular repair.²⁰

In patients with connective tissue disease the friability of the aortic wall can vary considerably and it is unknown how the radial forces of stentgrafts will interact on the long term. Retrograde dissection and aortic perforation have already been encountered as severe adverse events, even in non-Marfan patients. Improved technology will solve these problems but since long term results are not available yet we believe that Marfan patients with aortic aneurysms should be treated by open repair, preferably in centers of expertise in which protective modalities as described above are included in the surgical protocol. In patients with recurrent aortic pathology, however, repeat sternotomy or thoracotomy could lead to increased surgical risks like bleeding, cardiac injury, lung injury and increased mortality. In these patients endovascular treatment might induce less overall risks, worthwhile to consider as an alternative solution.

Back to Article Outline

Conclusion 

Surgical repair of descending and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms provides excellent short- and mid-term results in patients with Marfan syndrome. In our experience, a surgical protocol with cerebrospinal fluid drainage, distal and selective organ perfusion and monitoring motor evoked potentials resulted in low morbidity and absent mortality. These outcomes and experience of others justify to consider open surgery the gold-standard in Marfan patients with primary DTAA and TAAA. In the future endovascular repair in Marfan patients can be considered if mid and long-term assessment demonstrate similar efficient and durable results. Complex DTAA and TAAA procedures require adequate infrastructure and a multidisciplinary team offering the entire spectrum of protective measures to provide optimal results.

Back to Article Outline

References 

1. Judge DP, Dietz HC. Marfan's syndrome. Lancet. 2005;366:1965–1976
   • View In Article
   • Abstract
   • Full Text
   • Full-Text PDF (135 KB)
   • CrossRef
2. Gray JR, Bridges AB, Faed MJ, Pringle T, Baines P, Dean J, et al. Ascertainment and severity of Marfan syndrome in a Scottish population. J Med Genet. 1994;31:51–54
   • View In Article
   • MEDLINE
3. Ramirez F, Dietz HC. Therapy insight: aortic aneurysm and dissection in Marfan's syndrome. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2004;1:31–36
   • View In Article
   • MEDLINE
4. Murdoch JL, Walker BA, Halpern BL, Kuzma JW, Mc Kusick VA. Life expectancy and causes of death in the Marfan syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1972;286:804–808
   • View In Article
5. Finkbohner R, Johnston D, Crawford ES, Coselli J, Milewicz DM. Marfan syndrome. Long-term survival and complications after aortic aneurysm repair. Circulation. 1995;91:728–733
   • View In Article
   • MEDLINE
6. Roseborough GS, Williams GM. Marfan and other connective tissue disorders: conservative and surgical considerations. Semin Vasc Surg. 2000;13:272–282
   • View In Article
   • Abstract
7. Silverman DI, Burton KJ, Gray J, Bosner MS, Kouchoukos NT, Roman MJ, et al. Life expectancy in the Marfan syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 1995;75:157–160
   • View In Article
   • Abstract
   • Full-Text PDF (491 KB)
   • CrossRef
8. Shores J, Berger KR, Murphy EA, Pyeritz RE. Progression of aortic dilatation and the benefit of long-term beta-adrenergic blockade in Marfan's syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1335–1341
   • View In Article
   • MEDLINE
   • CrossRef
9. Milewicz DM, Dietz HC, Miller DC. Treatment of aortic disease in patients with Marfan syndrome. Circulation. 2005;111:e150–e157
   • View In Article
   • CrossRef
10. Coselli JS, Le Maire SA, Conklin LD, Koksoy C, Schmittling ZC. Morbidity and mortality after extent II thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;73:1107–1115
    • View In Article
    • MEDLINE
    • CrossRef
11. Jacobs MJ, de Mol BA, Elenbaas T, Mess WH, Kalkman CJ, Schurink GW, et al. Spinal cord blood supply in patients with thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 2002;35:30–37
    • View In Article
    • Abstract
    • Full Text
    • Full-Text PDF (75 KB)
    • CrossRef
12. Jacobs MJ, Mess WH. The role of evoked potential monitoring in operative management of type I and type II thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;15:353–364
    • View In Article
    • Abstract
    • Full Text
    • Full-Text PDF (549 KB)
13. Jacobs MJ, Mess W, Mochtar B, Nijenhuis RJ, Statius van Eps RG, Schurink GW. The value of motor evoked potentials in reducing paraplegia during thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair. J Vasc Surg. 2006;43:239–246
    • View In Article
    • Abstract
    • Full Text
    • Full-Text PDF (226 KB)
    • CrossRef
14. Dardik A, Perler BA, Roseborough GS, Williams GM. Aneurysmal expansion of the visceral patch after thoracoabdominal aortic replacement: an argument for limiting patch size?. J Vasc Surg. 2001;34:405–409
    • View In Article
    • Abstract
    • Full Text
    • Full-Text PDF (154 KB)
    • CrossRef
15. Coselli JS, Bozinovski J, Le Maire SA. Open surgical repair of 2286 thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;83:S862–S864
    • View In Article
    • CrossRef
16. Mac Arthur RG, Carter SA, Coselli JS, Le Maire SA. Organ protection during thoracoabdominal aortic surgery: rationale for a multimodality approach. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2005;9:143–149
    • View In Article
    • MEDLINE
    • CrossRef
17. Le Maire SA, Carter SA, Volguina IV, Laux AT, Milewicz DM, Borsato GW, et al. Spectrum of aortic operations in 300 patients with confirmed or suspected Marfan syndrome. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;81:2063–2078
    • View In Article
    • CrossRef
18. Kalkat MS, Rahman I, Kotidis K, Davies B, Bonser RS. Presentation and outcome of Marfan´s syndrome patients with dissection and thoraco-abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007;32:250–254
    • View In Article
    • Abstract
    • Full Text
    • Full-Text PDF (358 KB)
    • CrossRef
19. Albornoz G, Coady MA, Roberts M, Davies RR, Tranquilli M, Ritto JA, et al. Familial thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections–incidence, modes of inheritance, and phenotypic patterns. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;82:1400–1405
    • View In Article
    • CrossRef
20. Ince H, Rehders TC, Petsch M, Kische S, Nienaber CA. Stent-grafts in patients with Marfan syndrome. J Endovasc Ther. 2005;12:82–88
    • View In Article
    • MEDLINE
    • CrossRef