European Journal of Vascular & Endovascular Surgery
Volume 35, Issue 3 , Pages 255-263 , March 2008

Prediction and Prevention of Stroke in Patients with Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis: The High-risk Period and the High-risk Patient

,Accepted 26 November 2007.

References 

  1. Johnston SC, Gress DR, Browner WS, Sidney S. Short-term prognosis after emergency department diagnosis of TIA. JAMA. 2000;284:2901–2906
  2. Coull A, Lovett JK, Rothwell PM, on behalf of the Oxford Vascular Study . Early risk of stroke after a TIA or minor stroke in a population-based incidence study. BMJ. 2004;328:326–328
  3. Rothwell PM, Warlow CP. Timing of transient ischaemic attacks preceding ischaemic stroke. Neurology. 2005;64:817–820
  4. Rothwell PM, Giles MF, Flossmann E , Lovelock CE, Redgrave JNE, Warlow CP, et al. A simple score (ABCD) to identify individuals at high early risk of stroke after a transient ischaemic attack. Lancet. 2005;366:29–36
  5. Coull A, Rothwell PM. Under-estimation of the early risk of recurrence after first stroke by the use of restricted definitions. Stroke. 2004;35:1925–1929
  6. Rothwell PM, Buchan A, Johnston SC. Recent advances in the management of transient ischaemic attacks and minor ischaemic strokes. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5:323–331
  7. Giles M, Rothwell PM. Risk of stroke early after transient ischaemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6:1063–1072
  8. Lovett JK, Coull A, Rothwell PM, on behalf of the Oxford Vascular Study . Early risk of recurrent stroke by aetiological subtype: implications for stroke prevention. Neurology. 2004;62:569–574
  9. Fairhead JF, Mehta Z, Rothwell PM. Population-based study of delays in carotid imaging and surgery and the risk of recurrent stroke. Neurology. 2005;65(3):371–375
  10. Rantner B, Pavelka M, Posch L, Schmidauer C, Fraedrich G. Carotid endarterectomy after ischemic stroke – is there a justification for delayed surgery?. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2005;30:36–40
  11. Rothwell PM, Giles MF, Chandratheva A, Marquardt L, Geraghty O, Redgrave JNE, et al. Effect of urgent treatment of transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke on early recurrent stroke (EXPRESS study): a prospective population-based sequential comparison. Lancet. 2007;370:1432–1442
  12. Lavallee PC, Meseguer E, Abboud H, Cabrejo L, Olivot JM, Simon O, et al. A transient ischaemic attack clinic with round-the-clock access (SOS-TIA): feasibility and effects. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6:953–960
  13. Diener HC, Bogousslavsky J, Brass LM, et al. on behalf of the MATCH investigators Aspirin and clopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone after recent ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack in high-risk patients (MATCH): randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364:331–337
  14. Markus HS, Droste DW, Kaps M, Larrue V, Lees KR, Siebler M, et al. Dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin in symptomatic carotid stenosis evaluated using doppler embolic signal detection: the Clopidogrel and Aspirin for Reduction of Emboli in Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis (CARESS) trial. Circulation. 2005;111:2233–2240
  15. Kennedy J, Hill MD, Ryckborst KJ, Eliasziw M, Demchuk AM, Buchan AM FASTER Investigators. Fast assessment of stroke and transient ischaemic attack to prevent early recurrence (FASTER): a randomised controlled pilot trial. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6:961–969
  16. Payne DA, Jones CI, Hayes PD, Thompson MM, London NJ, Bell PR, et al. Beneficial effects of clopidogrel combined with aspirin in reducing cerebral emboli in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. Circulation. 2004;109:1476–1481
  17. Payne DA, Hayes PD, Jones CI, Belham P, Naylor AR, Goodall AH. Combined therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin significantly increases the bleeding time through a synergistic antiplatelet action. J Vasc Surg. 2002;35:1204–1209
  18. Rothwell PM, Howard SC, Spence D. Relationship between blood pressure and stroke risk in patients with symptomatic carotid occlusive disease. Stroke. 2003;34:2583–2590
  19. Rothwell PM, Gibson R, Warlow CP. The interrelation between plaque surface morphology, degree of stenosis and the risk of ischaemic stroke in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis. Stroke. 2000;31:615–621
  20. Rothwell PM, Eliasziw M, Gutnikov SA, Warlow CP, Barnett HJ Carotid Endarterectomy Trialists Collaboration. Endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis in relation to clinical subgroups and timing of surgery. Lancet. 2004;363:915–924
  21. Rothwell PM, Gutnikov SA, Eliasziw M, Warlow CP, Barnett HJM. Sex difference in effect of time from symptoms to surgery on benefit from endarterectomy for transient ischaemic attack and non-disabling stroke. Stroke. 2004;35:2855–2861
  22. Bond R, Rerkasem K, Rothwell PM. A systematic review of the risks of carotid endarterectomy in relation to the clinical indication and the timing of surgery. Stroke. 2003;34:2290–2301
  23. Fairhead JF, Rothwell PM. The need for urgency in identification and treatment of symptomatic carotid stenosis is already established. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2005;19:355–358
  24. Johnston SC, Rothwell PM, Nguyen-Huynh MN, Giles MF, Elkins JS, Bernstein AL, et al. Validation and refinement of scores to predict very early stroke risk after transient ischaemic attack. Lancet. 2007;369:283–292
  25. Koton S, Rothwell PM. Performance of the ABCD and ABCD2 scores in TIA patients with carotid stenosis and atrial fibrillation. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2007;24:231–235
  26. Rothwell PM, Eliasziw M, Gutnikov SA, Eliasziw M, Fox AJ, Taylor W, et al. Analysis of pooled data from the randomised controlled trials of endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Lancet. 2003;361:107–116
  27. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1415–1425
  28. Rothwell PM, Warlow CP on behalf of the ECST Collaborators. Prediction of benefit from carotid endarterectomy in individual patients: a risk-modelling study. Lancet. 1999;353:2105–2110
  29. Rothwell PM, Mehta Z, Howard SC, Gutnikov SA, Warlow CP. From subgroups to individuals: general principles and the example of carotid endartectomy. Lancet. 2005;365:256–265

PII: S1078-5884(07)00721-6

doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2007.11.006

European Journal of Vascular & Endovascular Surgery
Volume 35, Issue 3 , Pages 255-263 , March 2008

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