« Previous
Next »
European Journal of Vascular & Endovascular Surgery
Volume 35, Issue 5
, Pages 524-533
, May 2008
Does the ‘High Risk’ Patient with Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis Really Exist?
References
- . What should we do with asymptomatic carotid stenosis?. Int J Stroke. 2007;2:27–39
- Protected carotid-artery stenting versus endarterectomy in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1493–1501
- . Asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis: Risk stratification and management. London: Informa Healthcare; 2007;
- Prevention of disabling and fatal strokes by successful carotid endarterectomy in patients without recent neurological symptoms: randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;363:1491–1502
- The causes and risk of stroke in patients with asymptomatic internal-carotid-artery stenosis. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1693–1700
- . Natural history of asymptomatic carotid plaque. Arch Surg. 1985;120:1010–1012
- . Outcome in patients with asymptomatic neck bruits. N Engl J Med. 1986;315:860–865
- Efficacy of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. The Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group N Engl J Med. 1993;328:221–227
- . Risk of stroke in the distribution of an asymptomatic carotid artery. Lancet. 1995;345:209–212
- . Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. JAMA. 1995;273:1421–1428
- Outcome of asymptomatic patients with carotid disease. Asymptomatic Cervical Bruit Study Group Neurology. 1997;48:896–903
- Severity of asymptomatic carotid stenosis and risk of ipsilateral hemispheric ischaemic events: results from the ACSRS Study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2005;30:275–284
- . Embolic signals and prediction of ipsilateral stroke or transient ischemic attack in asymptomatic carotid stenosis: a multicenter prospective cohort study. Stroke. 2005;36:1128–1133
- . Asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis and the risk of new vascular events in patients with manifest arterial disease: the SMART Study. Stroke. 2007;38:1470–1475
- . Severity of asymptomatic carotid stenosis and risk of ipsilateral hemispheric ischaemic events: results from the ACSRS study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2006;31:336
- . Event, incidence and case fatality rates of cerebrovascular disease in Auckland, New Zealand. Am J Epidemiol. 1984;120:236–243
- . Ascertaining the true incidence of stroke: experience from the Perth Community Stroke Study, 1989–1990. Med J Aust. 1993;158:80–84
- . Stroke incidence on the east coast of Australia: the North East Melbourne Stroke Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Stroke. 2000;31:2087–2092
- . Thrombotic and embolic occlusions of the carotid arteries in an autopsy material. I. Prevalence, location and associated diseases. J Neurol Sci. 1964;41:24–39
- . Localization and sequence of development of atherosclerotic lesions in the carotid and vertebral arteries. Circulation. 1971;43:711–724
- Gender-associated differences in plaque phenotype of patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg. 2007;45:289–296[discussion 296–287]
- . Gender differences in outcome of conservatively treated patients with asymptomatic high grade carotid stenosis. Stroke. 2005;36:1178–1183
- . Can the long term outcome of individual patients with transient ischaemic attacks be predicted accurately?. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 1993;56:752–759
- The asymptomatic carotid stenosis and risk of stroke (ACSRS) study. Aims and results of quality control. Int Angiol. 2003;22:263–272
- . A strategy to reduce cardiovascular disease by more than 80%. BMJ. 2003;326:1419
- . MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial: interim results for symptomatic patients with severe (70–99%) or with mild (0–29%) carotid stenosis. Lancet. 1991;337:1235–1243
- Markers of inflammation and infection influence the outcome of patients with baseline asymptomatic carotid lesions: a 5-year follow-up study. Stroke. 2006;37:482–486
- . Carotid artery atherosclerosis: what is the evidence for drug action?. Curr Pharm Des. 2007;13:1141–1159
- Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity is associated with risk of coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke: the Rotterdam Study. Circulation. 2005;111:570–575
- . Plasma homocysteine levels and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:230–236
- . Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease: evidence on causality from a meta-analysis. BMJ. 2002;325:1202
- . The VITATOPS (Vitamins to Prevent Stroke) Trial: rationale and design of an international, large, simple, randomised trial of homocysteine-lowering multivitamin therapy in patients with recent transient ischaemic attack or stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2002;13:120–126
- . Natural history of carotid artery stenosis contralateral to endarterectomy: results from two randomized prospective trials. J Vasc Surg. 2003;38:1154–1161
- . Carotid artery wall motion estimated from B-mode ultrasound using region tracking and block matching. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2003;29:387–399
- The natural history of asymptomatic carotid artery disease. J Vasc Surg. 1993;17:160–169[discussion 170–171]
- Carotid plaque morphology and cerebrovascular events. Int Angiol. 2003;22:284–289
- Carotid intima-media thickness and plaque characteristics as a risk factor for stroke in Japanese elderly men. Stroke. 2004;35:2788–2794
- Carotid plaque surface irregularity predicts ischemic stroke: the Northern Manhattan Study. Stroke. 2006;37:2696–2701
- Ultrasonographic features of carotid plaque and the risk of subsequent neurologic deficits. Surgery. 1988;104:652–660
- . The role of plaque morphology and diameter reduction in the development of new symptoms in asymptomatic carotid arteries. J Vasc Surg. 1989;9:548–557
- Ultrasonic classification of carotid plaques causing less than 60% stenosis according to ultrasound morphology and events. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 1993;34:287–294
- Sonographic evaluation of carotid artery atherosclerosis in the elderly: relationship of disease severity to stroke and transient ischemic attack. Radiology. 1993;188:363–370
- Effect of image normalization on carotid plaque classification and the risk of ipsilateral hemispheric ischemic events: results from the Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis and Risk of Stroke Study. Vascular. 2005;13:211–221
- . Imaging arterial wall disease. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2000;10(Suppl. 5):9–20
- . Immunophenotypic characterisation of carotid plaque: increased amount of inflammatory cells as an independent predictor for ischaemic symptoms. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2001;21:494–501
- . Radionuclide imaging for the detection of inflammation in vulnerable plaques. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:C57–C68
- . A clinico-pathologic study of carotid endarterectomy plaques. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1986;142:573–589
- . Critical carotid stenoses: morphologic and chemical similarity between symptomatic and asymptomatic plaques. J Vasc Surg. 1989;9:202–212
- . Atherosclerotic carotid disease in asymptomatic individuals: an histological study of 53 cases. Acta Neurol Scand. 1988;78:506–517
- . The symptomatic carotid plaque. Stroke. 2000;31:774–781
- Carotid plaque pathology: thrombosis, ulceration, and stroke pathogenesis. Stroke. 2005;36:253–257
- . Lack of association between carotid plaque hematoma and ischemic cerebral symptoms. Stroke. 1987;18:879–881
- . Interrelation between plaque surface morphology and degree of stenosis on carotid angiograms and the risk of ischemic stroke in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis. On behalf of the European Carotid Surgery Trialists' Collaborative Group Stroke. 2000;31:615–621
- Duplex ultrasonography and selection of patients for carotid endarterectomy: plaque morphology or luminal narrowing?. J Vasc Surg. 1988;8:558–562
- Abbott AL. Natural history of high-grade asymptomatic carotid stenosis and identification of high ipsilateral stroke or TIA risk using microembolus detection. Thesis, The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine; 2004. p. 438.
- . Timing of clinically significant microembolism after carotid endarterectomy. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2007;23:362–367
- . Absence of microemboli on transcranial Doppler identifies low-risk patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Stroke. 2005;36:2373–2378
- . Asymptomatic carotid emboli (ACES) study. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2000;10(Suppl. 1):3
- . Severely impaired cerebrovascular reactivity predicts stroke and TIA risk in patients with carotid artery stenosis and occlusion. Brain. 2001;124:457–467
- . Cerebral hemodynamic impairment: methods of measurement and association with stroke risk. Neurology. 1999;53:251–259
- . Cerebral metabolism of patients with stenosis or occlusion of the internal carotid artery. A 1H-MR spectroscopic imaging study. Stroke. 1995;26:822–828
- . Silent stroke and carotid stenosis. Stroke. 1992;23:483–485
- . Carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;CD001923
- Assessing risk associated with carotid endarterectomy. A statement for health professionals by an ad hoc committee on carotid surgery standards of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Circulation. 1989;79:472–473
- An analysis of perioperative surgical mortality and morbidity in the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. ACAS investigators Stroke. 1996;27:2216–2224
- Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Stroke Council of the American Heart Association. Stroke. 2001;32:280–299
- Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Stroke Council of the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2001;103:163–182
- . Variation in carotid endarterectomy mortality in the Medicare population: Trial hospitals, volume, and patient characteristics. JAMA. 1998;279:1278–1281
- Low-dose and high-dose acetylsalicylic acid for patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy: a randomised controlled trial. ASA and carotid endarterectomy (ACE) Trial Collaborators Lancet. 1999;353:2179–2184
- . High morbidity and mortality due to endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis (abs). Cerebrovasc Dis. 2003;16(Suppl. 4):65–66
- . Carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis: Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial. Stroke. 2004;35:2425–2427
- Multistate improvement in process and outcomes of carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg. 2004;39:372–380
- Protected carotid stenting in high-surgical-risk patients: the ARCHeR results. J Vasc Surg. 2006;44:258–268
- Protected carotid stenting in high-risk patients with severe carotid artery stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:2384–2389
- Carotid artery stenting is associated with increased complications in octogenarians: 30-day stroke and death rates in the CREST lead-in phase. J Vasc Surg. 2004;40:1106–1111
- . Carotid revascularization using endarterectomy or stenting systems (CaRESS) phase 1 clinical trial: 1-year results. J Vasc Surg. 2005;42:213–219
- . The Transatlantic Asymptomatic Carotid Intervention Trial. Endovascular Today. 2005 September;49–50
- . Endovascular versus surgical treatment in patients with carotid stenosis in the Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty Study (CAVATAS): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2001;357:1729–1737
- Endarterectomy versus stenting in patients with symptomatic severe carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:1660–1671
- 30 day results from the SPACE trial of stent-protected angioplasty versus carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2006;368:1239–1247
- . Where next after SPACE and EVA-3s: ‘the good, the bad and the ugly!’. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2007;33:44–47
- Analysis of pooled data from the randomised controlled trials of endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Lancet. 2003;361:107–116
- Carotid endarterectomy and prevention of cerebral ischemia in symptomatic carotid stenosis. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program 309 Trialist Group JAMA. 1991;266:3289–3294
- . Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:445–453
- . Safety and efficacy of endovascular treatment of carotid artery stenosis compared with carotid endarterectomy: a Cochrane systematic review of the randomized evidence. Stroke. 2005;36:905–911
- . A systematic comparison of the risks of stroke and death due to carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic and asymptomatic stenosis. Stroke. 1996;27:266–269
- Role of carotid endarterectomy in asymptomatic carotid stenosis. A Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. Stroke. 1986;17:534–539
- . Multicenter review of preoperative risk factors for endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Stroke. 1998;29:750–753
- . Effect of contralateral occlusion on long-term efficacy of endarterectomy in the asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis study (ACAS). ACAS investigators Stroke. 2000;31:2330–2334
- . Clinical and angiographic predictors of stroke and death from carotid endarterectomy: systematic review. BMJ. 1997;315:1571–1577
- . Carotid endarterectomy in octogenarians: does increased age indicate “High risk?”. J Vasc Surg. 2005;41:231–237
- . A systematic review of the associations between age and sex and the operative risks of carotid endarterectomy. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2005;20:69–77
- Current status of carotid bifurcation angioplasty and stenting based on a consensus of opinion leaders. J Vasc Surg. 2001;33:S111–S116
- . Effect of body size on operative risk of carotid endarterectomy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 2004;75:1759–1761
- . Determinants of outcome after carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg. 1998;28:1051–1058
- . Early outcome assessment for 2228 consecutive carotid endarterectomy procedures: the Cleveland Clinic experience from 1989 to 1995. J Vasc Surg. 1997;26:1–10
- . Regional performance of carotid endarterectomy. Appropriateness, outcomes, and risk factors for complications. Stroke. 1997;28:891–898
- Carotid plaque echolucency increases the risk of stroke in carotid stenting: the imaging in carotid angioplasty and risk of stroke (ICAROS) Study. Circulation. 2004;110:756–762
- . Selection process for surgeons in the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. Stroke. 1991;22:1353–1357
- . The Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial (ACST). Rationale and design. Steering Committee. Eur J Vasc Surg. 1994;8:703–710
- Carotid endarterectomy in a metropolitan community: the early results after 8535 operations. J Vasc Surg. 1988;7:256–260
- . Influence of surgical experience on the results of carotid surgery. The Finnvasc Study Group. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 1998;15:155–160
- . Carotid endarterectomy among Medicare beneficiaries: a statewide evaluation of appropriateness and outcome. Stroke. 1998;29:46–52
- . Indications, outcomes and provider volumes for carotid endarterectomy. JAMA. 1998;279:1282–1287
- . Epidemiology of carotid endarterectomy among Medicare beneficiaries: 1985–1996 update. Stroke. 1998;29:346–350
- . Relationship between provider volume and mortality for carotid endarterectomies in New York State. Stroke. 1998;29:2292–2297
- . Results of a randomized controlled trial of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Mayo Clin Proc. 1992;67:513–518
- . Does low-dose acetylsalicylic acid prevent stroke after carotid surgery? A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Stroke. 1993;24:1125–1128
- . Is self-audit reliable?. Lancet. 1995;346:1623
- Pro-cas: a prospective registry of carotid angioplasty and stenting. Stroke. 2004;35:2134–2139
- . The 2006 William Feinberg Lecture: shifting the paradigm from stroke to global vascular risk estimation. Stroke. 2007;38:1980–1987
- . Should the multicenter carotid endarterectomy trials be repeated?. Arch Neurol. 2003;60:774–775
- . Stroke prevention. Arch Neurol. 1995;52:347–355
- . Intensive management of risk factors for accelerated atherosclerosis: The role of multiple interventions. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2007;7:42–48
PII: S1078-5884(08)00061-0
doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2008.01.017
© 2008 European Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
« Previous
Next »
European Journal of Vascular & Endovascular Surgery
Volume 35, Issue 5
, Pages 524-533
, May 2008
