European Journal of Vascular & Endovascular Surgery
Volume 40, Issue 1 , Pages 60-64, July 2010

Early Results after Treatment of Open Abdomen after Aortic Surgery with Mesh Traction and Vacuum-Assisted Wound Closure

  • A. Seternes

      Affiliations

    • Department of Vascular Surgery, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
    • ,
  • H.O. Myhre

      Affiliations

    • Department of Vascular Surgery, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
    • Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Hans Olav Myhre, Department of Vascular Surgery, St. Olavs Hospital, Olav Kyrres gt. 17, 7006 Trondheim, Norway. Tel.: +47 72826727; fax: +47 73867428.
    • ,
  • T. Dahl

      Affiliations

    • Department of Vascular Surgery, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
    • Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway

Received 31 August 2009; accepted 25 February 2010. published online 01 April 2010.

Article Outline

Abstract 

Objectives

This study aimed to describe the use of vacuum-assisted wound closure (VAWC) and mesh traction to repair an open abdomen after aortic surgery.

Design

Prospective clinical study.

Material and methods

From October 2006 to April 2009, nine consecutive patients were treated; seven of the patients received laparostomy following abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS), while two wounds were left open initially. The indication for laparostomy was intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) > 20 mmHg or abdominal perfusion pressure (APP) < 60 mmHg and development of organ failure. V.A.C. therapy (KCI, San Antonio, TX, USA) was initiated with the laparostomy, and supplemented with a fascial mesh after 2 days. The wound was then closed stepwise with mesh traction and VAWC.

Results

All wounds could be closed following a median interval of 10.5 (range: 6–19) days after laparostomy. A median of four (range: 2–7) dressing changes were performed. One patient died on the seventh postoperative day. Two other patients died 38 and 50 days after final closure, respectively. Left colonic necrosis was seen in two patients while incisional hernia was observed in two patients. Mean follow-up duration was 17 (range: 2–36) months.

Conclusion

VAWC with mesh traction was successful in terms of early delayed primary closure and is a useful tool in the treatment of open abdomen after aortic surgery.

Keywords: Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS), Open abdomen, Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (rAAA), Vacuum-assisted wound closure (VAWC)

 

The abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) was described by Kron et al. in 19841 and later by Fietsam.2 It is caused by increased intra-abdominal volume or extrinsic compression of the abdominal wall, and may accompany the retroperitoneal haematoma usually observed following ruptured abdominal aneurysm repair.3 The true incidence of ACS after aortic surgery is unknown4, but in one study, seven out of 27 patients developed ACS after surgery for ruptured aortic aneurysm.5 In two studies of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (rAAA) treated with endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR), 20% developed ACS.6, 7 If not recognised and treated, ACS may lead to progressive organ failure and death.2, 8 The treatment of choice is prompt decompressive laparotomy. In our department, awareness of this condition has increased during recent years,9 partly due to the consensus report from the World Society of Abdominal Compartment Syndrome (www.wsacs.org) and the increasing number of publications on this topic. Several methods for temporary abdominal closure (TAC) have been described.10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 After the introduction of a vacuum-assisted closure system, the care of patients with decompressive laparotomy has become easier. This article describes the practical use and early results of the V.A.C. therapy (KCI, San Antonio, Texas, USA) combined with mesh traction after aortic aneurysm surgery.18

Back to Article Outline

Material and Methods 

Data were gathered prospectively. Altogether, nine patients were included in a consecutive series where the abdomen was left open after repair of rAAA (n = 8) or elective type IV thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair (n = 1)from October 2006 to April 2009 (Table 1). The total number of patients treated for AAA during the study period was 239, including 42 open aneurysm repair (OAR) and nine EVAR for rAAA. Of the patients included in this study, seven were treated with OAR and two by EVAR. In two cases, the V.A.C. therapy was applied at the end of the initial operation since the fascia could not be closed without considerable tension. In the other cases, laparostomy was done after measurement of an elevated intra-abdominal pressure (IAP)1, 19 > 20 mmHg or abdominal perfusion pressure (APP) < 60 mmHg and signs of organ failure. One patient developed organ failure with a tense abdomen; the IAP was 12 mmHg and mean arterial pressure (MAP) was 55 mmHg, giving an APP of 43 mmHg. All nine had a clean open abdomen without any adhesions or fixity, classified as grade 1A.20 The distances between the fascial edges were not measured. The V.A.C. therapy combined with mesh traction technique is described in detail elsewhere,18 and only a short description is given here. After completing the decompressive laparotomy, the intestines are protected by a foam sheet covered by plastic film to prevent the formation of adhesions between the intestines and the abdominal wall. This coverage allows the fascia to slide over the dressing. An outer sponge secured by a plastic drape covers the abdominal defect. Vacuum is applied at a continuous pressure of 75 mmHg. After 2 days, the dressing is changed and the abdominal wall is closed, provided this can be done without tension. If not, the dressing is changed completely and a Prolene® (Ethicon, Inc., Somerville, NJ, USA) mesh 30 × 30 cm, is sutured to the fascial edges with a running monofilament suture and then split in the midline. The mesh edges are approximated in a loose fashion, and then sutured together (Fig. 1). Thereafter, the sponge and plastic drape are applied as previously described. A schematic representation of technique is given in Fig. 2. The dressing is changed every second or third day. The mesh is cut and approximated in the midline until the fascial edges can be closed by a delayed primary suture. After removal of the mesh, the abdominal wall was closed with interrupted figure-of-eight-stitches using Vicryl® 2 (Ethicon GmbH, Norderstedt, Germany). The laparostomy and first dressing change are normally performed under sterile conditions in the operating room. The subsequent dressing changes, including mesh-adjustments, are done under general anaesthesia in the intensive care unit (ICU) with the assistance of a nurse. All patients were on a ventilator and connected to infusion pumps and monitoring devices, and did not have to be moved to the operating room for dressing changes.

Table 1. Patient characteristics and details on treatment of open abdomen.
Case #SexAge (years)DiagnosisIAP mmHgOrgan failureDays after aortic repairDays with vacuum treatment# of dressing changesFollow-up (months)ResultsCost (in Euros)
1male55rAAA40O, RF119736Small hernia,3630
2female85rAAA25O, RF17326Fully recovered1986
3male71rAAA20O, RF413614Fully recovered3520
4male70rAAALO 12512Fully recovered, small hernia2570
5male76rAAA28RF5 2–Deceased
6male66Th-AAA12RF12104–Deceased2095
7male79rAAA25O0113–Deceased2132
8male52rAAA35RF07312Fully recovered, no hernia1986
9female63rAAALO 632Fully recovered No hernia1547

EVAR = endovascular aneurysm repair.

LO = left open.

rAAA = ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm.

RF = respiratory failure.

Th-AAA = Thoraco-abdominal Aortic Aneurysm.

0 days = redo surgery the same day as initial surgery.

O = oliguria.

Prophylaxis with a broad-spectrum antibiotic, normally a second or third-generation cephalosporin, was given until the closure.

IAP was measured at least 3 times a day, and was kept <15 mmHg to maintain the decompressive effect. No formal IAP measurement was done during closure, but the IAP was closely monitored in the ICU after each dressing change. In patients in whom bowel resection was necessary, the colostomy was placed as far away from the midline as possible.

Back to Article Outline

Results 

Patient characteristics and main results are given in Table 1. ACS was complicated by respiratory failure in six cases and oliguria in four cases, while laparostomy was performed in two cases because the abdominal wall could not be closed without undue tension. Prior to laparostomy, the median IAP was 25 mmHg (range: 12–40). Organ failure was reversed in all patients, with the exception of one who died 7 days after decompression due to irreversible multi-organ failure. Delayed primary closure of the fascia was successful in all remaining patients with a median time interval of 10.5 days (range: 6–19) after decompressive laparotomy. The median number of dressing changes was four (range: 2–7). We faced no problem with elevated IAP after the introduction of VAWC with mesh traction. One patient suffered from pancreatitis resulting in recurrent ACS, and a second decompression became necessary 11 days after the initial closure. Colon necrosis occurred in two cases; one with and one without ACS. They were both treated by sigmoid resection 2 days after the initial aneurysm repair. Intra-abdominal abscess formation, intestinal fistula or vascular graft infection were not observed. Fluid leakage was not a problem.

One patient died 38 days after final closure and another after 50 days, due to heart and respiratory failure, respectively, but not due to ACS in itself.

The mean length of follow-up was 17 months (range: 2–36). The six surviving patients made a full recovery, but two small incisional hernias were seen.

The material costs for the VAWC and mesh treatment varied from 1547 to 3630 Euros for the individual patient.

Back to Article Outline

Discussion 

Several techniques have been described to treat an open abdomen. They range from loose packing of the abdominal wound to retention sutures and mesh techniques to approximate the fascia.10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 Only one small randomised trial comparing two different methods of TAC after trauma surgery has been reported.21 They compared the use of mesh and vacuum-assisted closure. The application of mesh was compared to VAWC, and the results in the two groups were similar. However, only ∼30% of the abdominal wounds could be closed by delayed primary closure in this study.21 This is in contrast to our results where all cases were successfully closed. We have a relatively short median time interval to closure of 10.5 days, while other authors have reported a median time of 32 days before the abdominal wall could be closed.18 Difference in the patients' condition as well as degree of subsequent organ failure may partly explain this discrepancy. Furthermore, our series consisted of patients with only 1A open abdomens without any rigidity or fixity at the time of initial surgery.

Dressings were changed under sterile conditions in the ICU in all but the first and last dressing change. The mesh application and the final closure were always performed in the operating room. Hence, most of the dressing changes were done during regular day-time working hours as this facilitates dissemination of knowledge of the technique and its use to staff members. We feel that the use of VAWC and mesh traction has significantly facilitated the postoperative care of patients with laparostomy in our institution. In our earlier experience with loose packing of the open abdomen, fluid leakage and frequent dressing changes was common. By using the V.A.C. therapy and applying the drape to a dry surface, the problem of fluid leakage has been eliminated. In our study, no patient developed intestinal fistula, compared to 2.9% in a recent review by van Hensbroek 2008.22 We used a lower negative pressure than others, 75 mmHg compared to 125 mmHg, but the importance of this with regard to the risk of fistula formation remains speculative. No patients developed an abscess, compared to a median of 2.6% of the patients reported by other investigators.22 No vascular graft infection was observed, and this is in accordance with other reports.23 Previously, laparostomy wounds were left open to heal by second intention and using split-skin grafting to cover the intestines. A large incisional hernia was likely to follow, and repair of this could be difficult.24 To prevent lateralisation of the fascia during the treatment, we agree with Koss et al.17 that a fascial traction device in addition to VAWC is needed to avoid excessive retraction of the fascia laterally which could make the final closure difficult. Two small incisional hernias were seen, but it is early to estimate the risk of incisional hernia following our current technique. We used Vicryl, which is a suture that absorbs rapidly, to close the fascia. Israelsson et al.25 recommend a permanent suture or a slowly absorbable suture to prevent incisional hernias. A recently published RCT by Seiler et al.26 did not confirm this. By the time of delayed primary closure, we found that the fascial edges, sometimes, were quite ragged, and large bites of the fascia had to be included in the suture. To avoid damage of the fascial edges by the mesh-sutures, Miller et al. have suggested that, after covering the intestines by a plastic sheet, only a sponge should be placed between the plastic and the outer abdominal wall before vacuum is applied.14 The two cases of colonic necrosis were probably related to the initial trauma of rAAA and ACS and not to the closing device because they appeared prior to mesh placement.27 Whenever left colon resection is necessary, we would recommend placing the stoma as far from the midline incision as possible to avoid adhesions between the intestine and abdominal wall that are too close to the fascial edges. The V.A.C. therapy and mesh traction closure method is a practical wound closure system for the treatment of an open abdomen, and has made this condition easier to treat. However, a longer follow-up period and systematic studies of the different steps of the procedure are necessary to evaluate the effect of this approach on overall mortality and morbidity after repair for rAAA with ACS.

Back to Article Outline

Conclusion 

Our study indicates that urgent laparostomy is an effective treatment for ACS, and that closing of the open abdomen with a combination of fascial traction and VAWC is feasible in the clinical routine. However, further multi-centre randomised trials are warranted to determine the optimal treatment modality for patients with open abdomen after aortic repair.

Back to Article Outline

Study Limitations 

This is a small group of patients treated with open abdomen in a single institution. Other limitations are that there was no randomisation, no control group and a rather short follow-up period.

Back to Article Outline

Conflict of Interest/Funding 

None declared.

Back to Article Outline

References 

  1. Kron IL, Harman PK, Nolan SP. The measurement of intra-abdominal pressure as a criterion for abdominal re-exploration. Ann Surg. 1984;199:28–30
  2. Fietsam R, Villalba M, Glover JL, Clark K. Intra-abdominal compartment syndrome as a complication of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Am Surg. 1989;55:396–402
  3. Loftus IM, Thompson MM. The abdominal compartment syndrome following aortic surgery. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2003;25:97–109Review
  4. Papavassiliou V, Anderton M, Loftus IM, Turner DA, Naylor AR, London NJM, et al. The Physiological effects of elevated intra-abdominal pressure following aneurysm repair. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2003;26:293–298
  5. Djavani K, Wanhainen A, Björck M. Intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome following surgery for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2006;31:581–584
  6. Mehta M, Darling RC, Roddy SP, Fecteau S, Ozsvath KJ, Kreienberg PB, et al. Factors associated with abdominal compartment syndrome complicating endovascular repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 2005;42:1047–1051
  7. Mayer D, Rancic Z, Meier C, Pfammatter T, Veith FJ, Lachat M. Open abdomen treatment following endovascular repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 2009;50:1–7
  8. Acosta S, Lindblad B, Zdanowski Z. Predictors for outcome after open and endovascular repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2007;33:277–284
  9. Berge C, Haug ES, Romundstad PR, Lange C, Myhre HO. Improved long-term survival following infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Scand Cardiovasc J. 2008 Oct;42(5):354–359
  10. Schein M, Saadia R, Jamieson JR, Decker GA. The ‘sandwich technique’ in the management of the open abdomen. Br J Surg. 1986;73:369–370
  11. Fernandez L, Norwood S, Roettger R, Wilkins HE. Temporary intravenous bag silo closure in severe abdominal trauma. J Trauma. 1996;40:258–260
  12. Barker DE, Kaufman HJ, Smith LA, Ciraulo DL, Richart CL, Burns RP. Vacuum pack technique of temporary abdominal closure: a 7-year experience with 112 patients. J Trauma. 2000;48:201–206
  13. Rasmussen TE, Hallett JW, Noel AA, Jenkins G, Bower TC, Cherry KJ, et al. Early abdominal closure with mesh reduces multiple organ failure after ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: guidelines from a 10-year case-control study. J Vasc Surg. 2002;35:246–253
  14. Miller PR, Thompson JT, Faler BJ, Meredith JW, Chang MC. Late fascial closure in lieu of ventral hernia: the next step in open abdomen management. J Trauma. 2002;53:843–849
  15. Cothren CC, Moore EE, Johnson JL, Moore JB, Burch JM. One hundred percent fascial approximation with sequential abdominal closure of the open abdomen. Am J Surg. 2006;192:238–242
  16. Perez D, Wildi S, Demartines N, Bramkamp M, Koehler C, Clavien PA. Prospective evaluation of vacuum-assisted closure in abdominal compartment syndrome and severe abdominal sepsis. J Am Coll Surg. 2007;205:586–592
  17. Koss W, Ho HC, Yu M, Edvards K, Ghows M, Tan A, et al. Preventing loss of domain: a management strategy for closure of the "open abdomen" during the initial hospitalization. J Surg Educ. 2009;66:89–95
  18. Petersson U, Acosta S, Björck M. Vacuum-assisted wound closure and mesh-mediated fascial traction-a novel technique for late closure of the open abdomen. World J Surg. 2007;31:2133–2137
  19. Malbrain MLNG, Cheatham ML, Kirkpatrick A, Sugrue M, Parr M, De Waele J, et al. Results from the International Conference of Experts on intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome. I. Definitions. Intensive Care Med. 2006;32:1722–1732
  20. Björck M, Bruhin A, Cheatham M, Hinck D, Kaplan M, Manca G, et al. Classification-important step to improve management of patients with an open abdomen. World J Surg. 2009;33:1154–1157
  21. Bee TK, Magnotti LJ, Croce MA, Maish GO, Minard G, Schroeppel TJ, et al. Temporary abdominal closure techniques: a prospective randomized trial comparing polyglactin 910 mesh and vacuum-assisted closure. J Trauma. 2009;66:1015–1018
  22. Boele van Hensbroek P, Wind J, Dijkgraaf MG, Busch OR, Carel Goslings J. Temporary closure of the open abdomen: a systematic review on delayed primary fascial closure in patients with an open abdomen. World J Surg. 2009;33:199–207
  23. Björck M, Wanhainen A. Delayed abdominal closure for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Bookchapter in Greenhalgh RM In: Vascular and endovascular controversies update. London: BIBA Publishing; 2009;p. 214–224
  24. Fabian TC, Croce MA, Pritchard FE, Minard G, Hickerson WL, Howell RL, et al. Planned ventral hernia. Staged management for acute abdominal wall defects. Ann Surg. 1994;219:643–650
  25. Israelsson LA, Jonsson T. Closure of midline laparotomy incisions with polydioxanone and nylon: the importance of suture technique. Br J Surg. 1994;81:1606–1608
  26. Seiler CM, Bruckner T, Diener MK, Papyan A, Golcher H, Seidlmayer , et al. Interrupted or continuous slowly absorbable sutures for closure of primary elective midline abdominal incisions: a multicenter randomized trial (INSECT: ISRCTN24023541). Ann Surg. 2009;4:576–582
  27. Djavani K, Wanhainen A, Valtysson J, Björck M. Colonic ischemia and intra-abdominal hypertension following open surgery for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. A prospective study. Br J Surg. 2009;96:621–627

PII: S1078-5884(10)00134-6

doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2010.02.018

European Journal of Vascular & Endovascular Surgery
Volume 40, Issue 1 , Pages 60-64, July 2010

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution